Notizie da 153 fonti
Alla NASA si studiano stampanti 3D che preparino il cibo per gli astronauti Le stampanti 3D sono da molti considerate come il futuro della manifattura, vista la possibilità di eliminare le giacenze[...]
High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know about Drugs and Society [More]
Publication date: Available online 23 May 2013 Source: Dendrochronologia Author(s): Jan Esper , Ulf Büntgen , Jürg Luterbacher , Paul J. Krusic The precise, annual dating control, inherent to dendrochronology, has recently been questioned through a combined analysis of tree-growth and coupled climate models (Mann et al. (2012; hereafter MAN12)) suggesting single tree-rings in temperature limited environments are missing following large volcanic events. We test this hypothesis of missing, post-volcanic rings by using a compilation of maximum latewood density (MXD) records that are typically used for reconstructing temperature and the detection of volcanic events, together with a unique set of long instrumental station data from Europe reaching back into the early 18th century. We investigate the temporal coherence between tree-ring MXD and observed summer temperatures before and after the most significant, precisely dated, volcanic event of the past 1000 years, the 1815 Tambora eruption widely known as the cause for the 1816 “year without a summer”. Comparison of existing and newly developed MXD chronologies from cold environments in Northern Scandinavia ( r ¯ North = 0.70 , N =3) and the European Alps, including the Pyrenees, ( r ¯ Central = 0.46 , N =4) reveals significant interseries correlations over the 1722–1976 common period, suggesting coherence among these independently developed timeseries. Comparisons of these data with observed JJA temperatures – from 1722 to 1976, a 94-year pre-Tambora (1722–1815), and a 94-year post-Tambora (1817–1910) period – reveals significant and temporally stable correlations ranging from 0.32 to 0.68. However, if we assume the 1816 ring is missing in the MXD chronologies (i.e., shift the pre-Tambora data by one year), all proxy/instrumental correlations fall apart approaching zero. Results from an additional experiment, where the long instrumental record is replaced by an annually resolved, 500-year, summer temperature reconstruction derived from documentary evidence, corroborates the findings from the first experiment: significant positive correlations with the unmolested chronologies and zero correlation with the perturbed chronologies back to 1500 AD. These elementary analyses indicate that either the tree-ring chronologies are correctly dated, i.e., no is ring missing in the year without a summer, or that both the long instrumental and documentary records contain dating uncertainties. As the latter is unlikely, we conclude the MAN12 hypothesis on post-volcanic missing rings can be rejected based on simple comparisons of tree-ring, instrumental and documentary data over the past 300–500 years from Central and Northern Europe.
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Life Forestry weist Investoren auf die neue EU-Verordnung zur Einfuhr von nicht-zertifiziertem Holz hin
Nel Copenaghenize Index che classifica le città e le metropoli a misura di ciclista, dominio del Benelux con quattro città fra le prime otto La città più ciclabile al mondo? È ancora Amsterdam a[...]
BACKGROUND: Intraoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) in the prone position and IOP changes over time have not been evaluated in pediatric surgical patients. We sought to determine time-dependent changes in IOP in children undergoing surgery in prone position. METHODS: Thirty patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures in prone position were included. Using a pulse-mode pneumatonometer, IOP was measured in supine position after induction and before emergence of anesthesia and in prone position before the start and after the end of surgery. IOP changes over time in the prone position were assessed with a linear mixed model (i.e., random slope and intercept model) to adjust for the within-patient correlation. RESULTS: IOP in prone position increased by an average of 2.2 mm Hg per hour ( P < 0.001). Sixty-three percent of patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 46%–81%) had at least 1 IOP value exceeding 30 mm Hg, and 13% (95% CI, 1%–25%) had at least 1 IOP value exceeding 40 mm Hg while prone. Mean IOP increased 7 mm Hg (95% CI, 6–9) during the position change from supine to prone ( P < 0.001) and decreased 10 mm Hg (95% CI, 9–12) after changing the position from prone back to supine ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Changing position from supine to prone significantly increases IOP in anesthetized pediatric patients. Moreover, the IOP continued to increase during surgery and reached potentially harmful values, especially when combined with low mean arterial blood pressures that are common during major surgery.
The value of family-centered care in general and subspecialty pediatrics has been well documented in the literature. Translation of these principles into perioperative medicine has its logistical challenges; however, there are theoretical benefits. Specifically, pediatric patients with psychiatric diagnoses or special needs related to autism benefit from the incorporation of service animals into their daily routines. We describe the presence of one such service dog, at the request of our patient, during induction of general anesthesia. Consideration of the service dog as part of our family-centered care model improved the quality of care we provided this anxious teenager and her mother.
BACKGROUND: A small number of highly publicized case reports describe ischemic brain or spinal cord injury after surgery in the sitting ("beach chair") position. The incidence of such catastrophic outcomes remains unknown, as does the relationship between arterial blood pressure management and injury, because few hemodynamic details were included with those 4 cases. To add quantitative data to the discussion of anesthesia in the sitting position, we examined the detailed hemodynamics of a large number of patients managed at our institution who sustained no similar catastrophic outcomes. METHODS: A comprehensive, retrospective, interrogation was performed of the electronic hemodynamic record for all 5177 patients who underwent either orthopedic shoulder surgery or neurological surgery in the sitting position at Mayo Clinic Rochester between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2009. RESULTS: No immediate postoperative catastrophic outcomes occurred in 5177 sitting patients undergoing surgery and general anesthesia in the sitting position. For orthopedic shoulder surgery patients, intraoperative systolic blood pressures obtained from an arterial line referenced to heart level decreased 14.4% ± 12.7% (mean ± SD), and those obtained from a noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) cuff referenced to heart level decreased 19.3% ± 12.6%. For neurosurgical patients, the average reductions in intraoperative mean arterial blood pressures from baseline were 17.6% ± 11.5% and 19.7% ± 10.7% for patients with heart- and head-level transducer placement, respectively. The absolute intraoperative mean arterial blood pressures (mean ± SD) for orthopedic patients measured by NIBP referenced to heart level were 75 ± 8 mm Hg; for orthopedic patients measured from an arterial line referenced to heart level were 74 ± 7 mm Hg; for neurosurgical patients measured with an arterial line referenced to heart level were 78 ± 7 mm Hg; and for neurosurgical patients measured with an arterial line referenced to head level were 75 ± 7 mm Hg. Over the entire duration of surgery, 52% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49%–56%) of neurosurgical patients, 51% (95% CI, 47%–55%) of orthopedic patients monitored with an A-line, and 48% (95% CI, 46%–50%) of orthopedic patients monitored with NIBP experienced ≥1 episodes of systolic blood pressure reduction >40% below baseline. CONCLUSION: This study provides a descriptive summary of intraoperative blood pressure changes, measured either invasively or noninvasively, and referenced to either head or heart level, but never lower than heart level, in patients under general anesthesia in the sitting position who sustained no catastrophic outcomes.
BACKGROUND: Anesthesiology groups continually seek data sources and evaluation metrics for ongoing professional practice evaluation, credentialing, and other quality initiatives. The analysis of patient complaints associated with physicians has been previously shown to be a marker for patient dissatisfaction and a predictor of malpractice claims. Additionally, previous studies in other specialties have revealed a nonuniform distribution of complaints among professionals. In this study, we describe the distribution of complaints among anesthesia providers and identify factors associated with complaint risk in pediatric and adult populations. METHODS: We performed an analysis of a complaint database for an academic medical center. Complaints were recorded as comments during postoperative telephone calls to ambulatory surgery patients regarding the quality of their anesthesiology care. Calls between July 1, 2006 and June 30, 2010 were included. Risk factors were grouped into 3 categories: patient demographics, procedural, and provider characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 22,871 calls placed on behalf of 120 anesthesiologists were evaluated, of which 307 yielded a complaint. There was no evidence of provider-to-provider heterogeneity in complaint risk in the pediatric population. In the adult population, an unadjusted test for the random intercept variance component in the mixed effects model pointed toward significant heterogeneity ( P = 0.01); however, after adjusting for a prespecified set of risk factors, provider-to-provider heterogeneity was no longer observed ( P = 0.20). Several risk factors exhibited evidence for complaint risk. In the pediatric patient model, risk factors associated with complaint risk included a 10-year change in age, the use of general anesthesia (versus not), and a 1-hour change in the actual minus scheduled start times. Odds ratios were 1.47 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04–2.08), 0.22 (95% CI, 0.07–0.62), and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.10–1.47), respectively. In the adult patient model, risk factors associated with complaint risk included male gender, general anesthesia, a 10-year change in provider experience, and speaking with the patient (rather than a family member). Odd ratios were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.47–0.92), 0.67 (95% CI, 0.47–0.95), 1.18 (95% CI, 1.01–1.38), and 1.96 (95% CI, 1.17–3.29), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: There was apparent evidence in adult patients to suggest heterogeneity in provider risk for a patient complaint. However, once patient, procedural, and provider factors were acknowledged in analyses, such evidence for heterogeneity is diminished substantially. Further study into how and why these factors are associated with greater complaint risk may reveal potential interventions to decrease complaints.
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